Key Points
• Manufacturing - Production of goods in large quantities from raw material to more valuable products.
• The National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) has been set up to improve productivity.
• Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India, silicon valley of India main produces of silk in India.
• India is the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilizers.
• Bangalore is the silicon valley as well as electronic city of India.
• Ahmadabad is known as the Manchester of India.
• Jamshedpur is called the steel city of India.
Importance of manufacturing:-
• Provide employment opportunity.
• Helps in economic development.
• Reduces burden on agriculture.
• Modernizing agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy.
Classification of Industries:
1. On the basis of Raw Material:
(a) Agro - Based
Industries which take their raw material from field eg-rubber, sugar, tea, woollen textile, cotton textile, Jute etc.
(b) Mineral based
Industries which are based on metal. eg - cement, Iron and steel, Aluminum, petrochemical etc.
2. On the basis of Main Role:
(a) Basic industries
Industries, which supply their finished product to other Industries eg - copper smelting, Aluminum smelting.
(b) Consumer Industries
When goods directly used by consumer eg- fans, sugar etc.
3. On the basis of capital investment or size:
(a) Large Industries
With the investment of one crore eg- Iron and steel Industries, cotton textile.
(b) Small scale Industries
With the investment ten lakh eg - Cycle Industry
(c) Cottage Industries
Works done by family member eg - Handlooms
4. On the Basis of Ownership:
(a) Public Sector
Operated by Government Agencies eg - BHEL, SAIL
Steel Authority of India Limited, BSNL
The managed the plants at Bhilai, Durgapur,
Rourkela, Bokaro and Burnpur
(b) Private Sector
Owned by Individual eg - Bajaj Auto Ltd., Reliance Industries, Dabur etc.
(c) Joint Sector
Run by both the state and Individuals eg - Oil India Gujarat Alkalines
(d) Co-operative Sector
Operated by the producer or workers eg-coir industry in Kerala Sugar Industry
in Maharashtra.
5. Based on The Bulk:
(a) Heavy Industries
eg - Iron & Steel
(b) Light Industries
eg - Electric fans
Cotton Textile
• In 1854, the first successful textile mill was established in Mumbai.
• There are nearly 1600 mills in the country.
• India export yarn to Japan.
• India is the second largest in the world in installing spindles next to China.
• Spinning was centralised sector while weaving is highly decentralised to provide scope for traditional skills & designs.
• Mumabi is rightly called cotton polis of India.
• Moist Climate is required to keep it in good condition.
Problems
• Lack of good quality cotton.
• Erratic power supply.
• Old and outdated machinery
• Stiff competition from synthetic fiber.
Jute
• India is second largest exporter of Jute goods next to Bangladesh.
• Most of the Jute mills in India are located in West Bengal, mainly along the banks of River Hoogly.
• Jute goods includes sack, rope, mats, bags, clothes etc.
Problems
• International competition
• Less Demand
• High Prices
Steps taken by the Government
• Mandatory in many sectors.
• In 2005, National Jute Policy was formulated with the objective of increasing
productivity.
Iron and Steel Industry
• It is a large scale industry because the investment is more than rupees one crore.
• It is a basis industry because other industries are depend upon it for their raw material eg - Automobiles, rail tracks, ship buildings, machines, bridges etc.
• Most of the unity are under public sector because this industry needs huge investment, research and development facilities.
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS:-
Q. Explain how industry and agriculture go hand in hand.
Ans. It is true that industry and agriculture go hand in hand. The agro based industries, such as sugar, cotton, jute edible oil, get raw materials from
agriculture.
Agro based industries in India have, in fact, given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.
In return, industries sell their products, such as irrigation pumps, fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides, PVC pipes, machines and tools to the farmers.It has made the production process very efficient.
Q. Why are sugar industries in India shifting towards south?
Ans. Sugar industries in India are shifting towards south India because of the following reasons:
(a) Sugarcane grown in the south is of better quality than that in the north, it has
more sugar content.
(b) The cooler climate ensures a long crushing season.
(c) The cooperatives are more successful in South India.
Q. Which area has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries in India and why?
Or
What are the problems of iron and steel industries?
Ans. India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world, yet we are not able to perform to our full potential largely due to:
(a) High cost and limited availability to coking coal.
(b) Lower productivity of labour.
(c) Irregular supply of energy and poor infrastructure.
Q. Which are the factors that influence the location of industry?
Ans. Following are the factors which are responsible for the location of an industry:
Physical factors - Availability of raw material, Climate, Water.
Human Factor - Labour, Power, Transport, Capital, Market, Govt. Policies
Key Factor - Least Cost
(a) Availability of raw material: Availability of raw material influences the location
of an industry. For example, maximum number of iron and steel industries are located in Chhotanagpur region because the raw material is easily available in that region at low cost.
(b) Labour: Cheap labour is required for an industry. For example, cheap labour
is available in Chhotanagpur region from the State of Bihar, Orissa and West
Bengal.
(c) Power: Regular supply of power is required for running machinery.
(d) Market: Availability of market for selling finished goods.
(e) Capital: Availability of capital required for purchasing raw materials,
machinery, etc. Least cost is the key factor.
Q. What is the importance of textiles industry?
Ans. Importance of the textile industry is as follows:
(a) Textile industry occupies a unique position in the Indian economy, as it contributes significantly to industrial production (about 14%).
(b) It provides employment to 35 million people.
(c) Earned foreign exchanged.
(d) It contributes 4 per cent towards GDP.
(e) It is the only industry which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain, i.e. from raw material to the highest value added products.
Q. Why cotton textiles industries are concentrated in Maharashtra and
Gujarat?
Ans. Cotton textiles industries are concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat due to the following reasons:
(a) Availability of cotton from the cotton growing regions Maharashtra & Gujarat
(b) Transport and accessibility of Mumbai Port facilities.
(c) Nearness of local and international market.
(d) Moist climate, suitable for spinning of yarn which is available in these two places.
(e) Cheap labour required for ginning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packing, tailoring and sewing.
Q. What are the factors responsible for location of the jute textile industry
in the Hugli basin?
Ans. Following are the factors responsible for the location of jute textile industry in the Hugli Basin:
(a) Proximity of the jute growing areas West Bengal, Orissa and Assam.
(b) Inexpensive water transport, supported by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways, which support the movement of raw material to the mills.
(c) Abundant water required for processing raw jute which is available from Hugli river.
(d) Cheap labour is available from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.
(e) Kolkata as a large urban centre provides baking, insurance and port facilities for export of jute.
Q. How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants? What problems does the industry face? What rent developments have led to a rise in the production capacity?
Ans. Mini steel plants are smaller, have electric furnace, use steel scrap and sponge iron. These have re-roller that use steel ingots as well and these produce alloy steel of given specifications.
The integrated steel plants is large, handles everything in one complex, from putting together raw material to steel making, rolling and shaping.
Problems faced by the industry
(a) High cost and limited availability of coking coal.
(b) Lower productivity of labour.
(c) Irregular supply of energy and poor
infrastructure.
In recent years liberalization and Foreign Direct Investment have given a boost to the industry with the efforts of private entrepreneurs.
Q. Explain any four factors that are responsible for decentralization of the cotton
industry in India.
Ans. The following four factors are responsible for decentralization of the cotton industry in India.
(a) Raw material and finished goods are light and can be transported at low cost of distant places.
(b) Banking facilities are available in all parts of the country.
(c) To provide scope for incorporating traditional skill and designs of weaving in cotton.
(d) Decentralization provides employment to weavers in their home as a cottage
industry.
Q. How do industries pollute the environment?
Ans. Industries cause four different types of pollution, namely, air, water, noise and
thermal pollution.
Air Pollution
(a) It is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide.
(b) It is caused by the emission of smoke from chemical industries, burning of fossil fuels etc.
(c) It is also caused due to the toxic gas leakage. Bhopal gas tragedy was caused due to gas leakage.
Water Pollution
It is caused by the discharge of industrial effluents into rivers by industries like paper, chemicals, textile, petroleum, dyeing tanneries, detergents, soap, refining plastic and rubber. These let out chemicals and solid waste into the water bodies.
Thermal Pollution
(a) When hot water from factories and thermal plants drains into rivers and ponds
before cooling.
(b) Waste water from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production facilities can cause cancer, birth defects and miscarriages.
Noise Pollution
(a) Undersirable noise produced by the industries like construction, machinery, factory equipment, generator, saw, etc. make a lot of noise.
(b) It causes hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure. Unwanted sound in an irritant and a source of stress.
Q. Write four measures for controlling air pollution.
Ans. Following are the four measures for controlling air pollution.
(a) Air pollution can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks in factories with electrostatic precipitators.
(b) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
(c) Pollution check certificates must be made compulsory for everyone.
Q. (a) What does NTPC refer to?
(b) List out any three ways that NTPC contributed towards preservation of natural environment?
Ans. (a) NTPC stands for National Thermal Power Corporation.
(b) Methods adopted by NTPC to conserve the environment are:
(i) Optimum use of equipment by adopting the latest technologies and upgrading the existing equipment.
(ii) Minimising the waste generation by maximizing ash utilization.
(iii) Provision of green belts for maintaining ecological balance through a forestation.
(iv) Reducing the pollution of the environment through ash pond management, ash water recycling and liquid waste management.
(v) Ecological monitoring, reviewing and online database management for all its
power stations.
Q. "Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases". Mention
them.
Ans. Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases. These are as follows:
(i) Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.
(ii) Secondary treatment by biological process.
(iii) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of waste water.
Q. Explain the processes of manufacturing of steel?
Ans. (i) Transport all raw materials i.e. iron ore, coking coal, limestone, manganese to the plant.
(ii) In Blast furnace, iron ore is melted. Limestone is fluxing material which is added, slag is removed, coke is burnt to heat the ore.
(iii) Molten materials poured into moulds called pigs.
(iv) Pig iron is further purified by melting and oxidising the impurities. Manganese, nickel, chromium are added.
(v) For shaping metal, rolling, pressing, casting and forging are done.
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