KEY POINTS
• Favourable balance of trade = Value of exports - value of imports.
• In 1953, Air transport nationalised in India.
• Manali to Leh in Ladakh (Kashmir) is one of the world's highest highway.
ROADWAYS
• Density of Road: The length of roads per 100 km2 of area is known as density
of Road. Density of Road is lowest in Jammu and Kashmir (12 km) where as it is highest in Kerala (375 km).
MERITS OF ROAD
• Road requires less investment as compared to railways.
• Roads are suitable for short distances.
• There can built at higher altitudes.
• Roads provide door to door facility.
DEMERIT OF ROADS
• The road network is inadequate in India as compared to volume of traffic.
• Most of the highways lack in side amenities like telephone booths, emergency health services, police stations, public toilet etc.
• Most of the road get damaged during rainy season.
TYPES OF ROAD IN INDIA
A. Super Highways
1. Golden Quadrilateral Highway
2. North - South Corridor
3. East - West Corridor
B. National Highways
• These roads are constructed and maintained by central Public Work Department. [CPWD]
• These roads connect the state capitals and big cities.
C. State Highways
• Join the state capital with other important towns.
• State Public Work Department (SPWD) is responsible for its construction and maintenance.
D. District Road
• Maintained by Zila Parishad.
• Link the district centers with major roads.
E. Village Roads
• These roads received special impetus under the ''Pradhan Mantri Grameer Sadak Yojna".
F. Border Roads
• The Border Roads Organization (BRO) was established in 1960.
• These roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain.
RAILWAYS
• It is a principle mode of transportation for freight and passengers in India.
• It encourages mobility of labour and thereby provides a great scope for employment.
• The carrying capacity of the railways is extremely large. Moreover its capacity
is elastic, which can easily be increased by adding more wagons.
• Railways in India bind the economic life of the country as well as accelerate the development of agriculture and industry.
• Indian Railway network is the 4th largest in the world.
• It is the most important mode of transport.
• The first train was steamed off from Mumbai to Thane in 1853.
TYPES OF GAUGE
(1) Broad Gauge
• It has 1.676m width
• It is common in Northern Plain.
(2) Metre Gauge
• It has 1m width.
• It mostly found in Plateau region.
(3) Narrow Gauge
• It has 0.762m width
• They are mainly in hilly areas.
PROBLEMS
• Ticket less travel.
• Pulling the chains, unnecessarily causing delays.
• Damaging railways property and thefts.
Q. How do physiographic and economic factors influence the distribution
pattern of railways network in our country?
Ans. The northern plains with their vast level provide the most favourable condition
for their growth.
• The Himalayan mountainous regions are unfavourable for the construction of
railway lines due to high relief.
• It was difficult to lay railway lines on the sandy plain of western Rajasthan, Swamps of Gujarat, forested track of Madhya Pradesh Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Jharkhand. [Development of the Konkan railway along the west coast has
facilitated].
WATERWAYS
• Waterways is the cheapest transport.
• It is most suitable for carrying heavy bulky goods.
• The total length of inland navigation waterways of India is 14500 km.
• Some important national waterways are:-
1. The Ganga between Allahabad and Haldia.
2. The Brahmaputra between Sadiya and Dhubri
3. The west coast canal in Kerala.
4. The champakkara canal in Kerala.
5. The Udyogamandal canal in Kerala.
IMPORTANCE OF PORT
95% of country's trade volume is moved.
Waterways is a fuel - efficient.
It promotes international trade.
DISADVANTAGE
Water transport is much slower than its road, rail and air competitors.
It provides asses to limited area.
Oil spell create a major problem to aquatic animals.
AIRWAYS
-Advantage
• Fastest, most comfortable and prestigious mode of transport.
• Connect the remote areas.
• Time saving.
-Disavantage
• Highly expensive
• It is affected by weather phenomena like fog, strong currents in upper atmosphere.
NEW AIRWAYS POLICY
• The Government has adopted 'Open Sky Policy'.
• The main objective of the aviation sector to provide air service so as to encourage growth in passenger and air connectivity to remote areas.
PIPELINES
• Transportation of crude oil, natural gas from oil fields to refineries.
• Pipe line transportation is fast, clean and free from delays.
• They can be laid on difficult terrain as well as underwater.
• Maintenance costs are lower than other mode of transport.
• Even solid can be transported by conversing them into slurry.
3 IMPORTANT PIPELINES
(1) The Hazira - Vijaipur - Jagdishpur [HVJ] pipeline
(2) It is from Salaya (Gujarat) to Jalandhar (Punjab)
(3) From Upper Assam to Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh)
COMMUNICATION
India's telecom network is one of the largest networks in Asia.
All urban places have Subscribe Trunk Dialing.
The Indian postal network is the largest network in the world.
The Central Board of Film certification certifies the films.
India is the largest producer of feature films in the world.
Q. Why are transport and communication called lifelines of nation?
Ans. The means of transport and communication are called lifelines of a nation for the following reasons:
(a) Means of transport and communication help in the production and movement of goods and services.
(b) Transport helps in the development of communication which further help people in interacting with other in all parts of the country. In fact it has brought the world closer.
(c) Railways, airways, waterways, newspapers, radio, television, cinema and internet, all have been contributing to socio-economic progress in several ways.
Q. What is the difference between first class mail and second class mail?
Ans. First class mail
(a) Cards and envelops are considered first class mail.
(b) First class mail is airlifted between stations covering both land and air.
Second class mail
(a) Includes book packets, registered newspapers and periodicals.
(b) These are carried by surface mail, covering land and water transport.
Q. Why international trade is considered as the economic barometer for a
country?
Ans. The progress of international trade leads to economic prosperity. If the value of export exceeds the value of import, the country is considered to have made advancement in the international trade. All the developed countries come under this category. On the other hand, if value of imports exceeds the value of exports, it is termed as unfavourable balance of trade and the country will not be considered as developed country. Therefore, the advancement of
international trade of a country is an index to its economic prosperity and is considered as the economic barometer for a country.
Q. "Transport routes are called the basic arteries of our economy". Support
this statement with four examples.
Ans. (a) Transport and communication are the basic arteries of a nation's economy.
Economic development of a region or country very largely depends upon the dense network of transport and communication.
(b) The link areas of production with consumption, agriculture with industry and
village with towns and cities.
(c) They help in industrial development by assemblage of raw materials and distribution of finished goods.
(d) Transport and communication help in the development of all the three sectors:
primary, secondary and tertiary.
(e) They help in the balanced regional development.
Q. Describe some features of Indian tourism as a trade as well as Industry?
Ans. Tourism has helped India's development in the following ways:
(a) Tourism supports local handicraft and cultural pursuits. Foreign tourists are
attracted by the Indian culture and traditions.
(b) Tourism has helped in the development of International understanding.
(c) It has also helped in the development of national integration as people from one part of the country move from one part to the other.
(d) Foreign tourists visit India for heritage tourism, eco-tourism, adventure tourism, cultural tourism, medical tourism and business tourism, which help India to earn foreign exchange.
(e) Rajasthan, Goa, Jammu & Kashmir and temple town of South India are
important destination of foreign tourists in India.
FLOWCHART OF LIFELINES OF INDIAN ECONOMY:-
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